Date : 31 Aout 2010
Microtonalité : interview de Jon Catler
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Dear Jon Catler, you are playing microtonal music. Can you explain microtonality to the french readers ?
Microtonality is generally thought of as the notes between the notes of the standard 12-Tone Equal Tempered scale. There are many different microtonal systems. Some, such as 19-tone or 31-tone temperament, divide the octave into equal divisions, and some, like Just Intonation, are unequal and non-tempered.
I have tried to play quarter tones with my regular guitar, it is awful. I have heard Dave Fiuczynski playing a fretless guitar, I must say I don't like it very much. Can you tell me what is the range of instruments I can use for microtonality ?
Quarter tones by themselves do not provide as much new useful harmonic applications as other systems. This is because it is really just another 12-Tone Equal Tempered system a quarter tone apart. 19-tone provides an almost pure minor third, and has some pungent melodic intervals which are just different enough from 12-Tone. 31-tone provides excellent major thirds and Harmonic sevenths, and gets you used to dealing with a lot of notes per octave. The 12-Tone Ultra Plus sytem adds pure Harmonic Series pitches to the standard 12.
I have found that for most players, playing microtonal fretted guitars definitely helps their fretless playing, as the frets help to hear what to shoot for on the fretless. Fretless guitar is like playing violin, and the ear must be developed to get the best results.
In fact, I'd like to play some of the arabian modes inside my jazz improvisations. I have heard quarter tones is the key for what I want. Is it true ?
The straight quarter tone system is not really what is used in the Arabian modes. In fact there are some regional differences, and also differences depending on what maqam is being played, but I believe Arabic music often uses notes from the Harmonic Series which are close to quarter tones, such as the 11th and 13th Harmonics.
While we are talking about arabian/african way of playing music, can you tell us about the blue note ?
There has been some research done which points to Africa as the source of the blues scale (Gerhard Kubik). It seems this scale was developed while using a stationary tonic or drone. The blue note pitches were the result of two Harmonic Series scales being superimposed to make one scale.
The Seventh Harmonic in the Harmonic Series is 968.8 cents, which is over 31 cents flatter than the 12-Tone Equal version. This is a very powerful blue note, and it is known as 7/4. The perfect fifth below that is 7/6, and is a deep blues minor third. These intervals are used consistently in the music of many just intonation composers such as La Monte Young, Terry Riley, and myself.
You are manufacturing guitars you call "FreeNote 12-Tone Ultra Plus". Can you tell us more about theses gears ?
I have always found it interesting that the first chord found in the Harmonic Series, from Harmonics 4 - 8, is a Harmonic Seventh chord, the blues chord! This is a pure version of the 12-Tone dominant seventh chord. So on the FreeNote 12-Tone Ultra Plus I added frets to give pure Harmonic Sevenths of the standard 12-Tone pitches. These Harmonic Sevenths are very different from standard '7ths', much deeper and perfectly in tune and resonant.
The first complete scale in the Harmonic Series is from Harmonics 8 - 16. Besides the Sevenths, the new notes in that scale that are not approximated by the 12-Tone notes are the 11th and 13th, know as 11/8
and 13/8. I added frets to give these ratios in a number of different keys. The Harmonic 8 - 16 scale is the original version of the Lydian Flat Seventh scale from George Russell's Lydian Chromatic Concepts,
which has been widely used by Mike Stern, John Scofield et al.
So the 12-Tone Ultra Plus gives you access to pure Harmonic Series pitches while keeping the standard 12 frets in place.
On the "12-Tone Ultra Plus", you are talking about 36 pitchs per octave. Anyway, when I count the frets, I find only 24 frets per octave. What is this hell ?
If you take a standard guitar in regular EADGBE tuning and add one fret anywhere, you will get five new pitches because that one fret covers all six strings, and the six strings are tuned to five different pitches. So, if you add a single quartertone fret between the nut and the first standard fret, you will get five new pitches - E 1/4-tone sharp, A 1/4-tone sharp, D 1/4-tone sharp, G 1/4-tone sharp, and B 1/4-tone sharp. So, by adding a single fret you now have the original 12 pitches, plus the five new ones. You would count 13 frets, but there would be 17 different pitches on the neck.
Then you would want to add in more frets to complete the picture. The pitches obtained with the Ultra Plus frets can be used in many ways. For example, the Harmonic Seventh of A can be used with a root of E to
give that 7/6 deep minor third we mentioned. The 11th Harmonic of E can be used as a neutral third of F#. The 13th Harmonic of G can be used a neutral second of D to give a characteristic Arabian neutral second, etc. The 36 different pitches can be combined in endless ways.
A lot of guitariste.com readers are searching for rules in rhythm or harmony to play music styles. When I look videos from the people who are using microtonality I find they don't use rules so much. Most of their productions are about a supposed improvisation. But, it seems to be like free jazz to me ...and I don't like it. Any comment ?
If there are any rules of rhythm and harmony, they have already been written by Nature. Since the Harmonic Series is infinite, it makes sense to me to start with the first complete scale that Nature gives us. It's 2010 and only an extremely small number of humans understand even that basic scale, and an even smaller number can really play it. Every higher octave of the Harmonic Series repeats the previous pitches while adding new pitches in between. If we start with this first scale, and get many more people to understand it, and build instruments that allow access to these pitches, we can break out of the constraints of everybody having to use the same compromised 12 notes.
The amount of information packed into the Harmonic series is amazing. Two purely-tuned pitches produce difference tones and summation tones, which fill out the harmony and show Harmonic structure. The armonic pitches are in rational proportion, which means they have natural rhythm, know as Harmonic Rhythm. These properties are now being used in Harmonics Theory in science for all kinds of applications.
So, if musicians are really searching for rules in rhythm or harmony to play music, understanding the Natural rules is the first step.
Jon Catler, thanks for this interesting answers.
Interview réalisée par John_Mac_Rigole.
Je précise que le site de Jon Catler est
http://www.freenotemusic.com et qu'il commercialise des guitares microtonales :